The Knee
Volume 16, Issue 6 , Pages 432-440 , December 2009

Gender dimorphic ACL strain in response to combined dynamic 3D knee joint loading: Implications for ACL injury risk

  • Kiyonori Mizuno

      Affiliations

    • Department of Biomedical Engineering, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland, USA
    • Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland, USA
    • Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Kobe University School of Medicine, Kobe, Japan
  • ,
  • Jack T. Andrish

      Affiliations

    • Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland, USA
    • The Orthopaedic Research Center, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland, USA
  • ,
  • Antonie J. van den Bogert

      Affiliations

    • Department of Biomedical Engineering, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland, USA
    • The Orthopaedic Research Center, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland, USA
  • ,
  • Scott G. McLean

      Affiliations

    • School of Kinesiology, The University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, USA
    • Bone and Joint Injury Prevention and Rehabilitation Center, The University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, USA
    • Corresponding Author InformationCorresponding author. Division of Kinesiology, The University of Michigan, 401 Washtenaw Ave, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA. Tel.: +1 734 764 5237.

Received 8 December 2008 ,Revised 9 April 2009 ,Accepted 13 April 2009.

References 

  1. Griffin LY, Albohm MJ, Arendt EA, Bahr R, Beynnon BD, Demaio M, et al. Understanding and preventing noncontact anterior cruciate ligament injuries: a review of the Hunt Valley II meeting, January 2005. Am J Sports Med. 2006;34:1512–1532
  2. Lohmander LS, Ostenberg A, Englund M, Roos H. High prevalence of knee osteoarthritis, pain, and functional limitations in female soccer players twelve years after anterior cruciate ligament injury. Arthritis Rheum. 2004;50:3145–3152
  3. Arendt E, Dick R. Knee injury patterns among men and women in collegiate basketball and soccer. NCAA data and review of literature. Am J Sports Med. 1995;23:694–701
  4. Agel J, Arendt EA, Bershadsky B. Anterior cruciate ligament injury in national collegiate athletic association basketball and soccer: a 13-year review. Am J Sports Med. 2005;33:524–530
  5. Woo SL, Debski RE, Withrow JD, Janaushek MA. Biomechanics of knee ligaments. Am J Sports Med. 1999;27:533–543
  6. Bahr R, Krosshaug T. Understanding injury mechanisms: a key component of preventing injuries in sport. Br J Sports Med. 2005;39:324–329
  7. Hewett TE, Ford KR, Myer GD. Anterior cruciate ligament injuries in female athletes: part 2, a meta-analysis of neuromuscular interventions aimed at injury prevention. Am J Sports Med. 2006;34:490–498
  8. Mandelbaum BR, Silvers HJ, Watanabe DS, Knarr JF, Thomas SD, Griffin LY, et al. Effectiveness of a neuromuscular and proprioceptive training program in preventing anterior cruciate ligament injuries in female athletes: 2-year follow-up. Am J Sports Med. 2005;33:1003–1010
  9. Chappell JD, Creighton RA, Giuliani C, Yu B, Garrett WE. Kinematics and electromyography of landing preparation in vertical stop-jump: risks for noncontact anterior cruciate ligament injury. Am J Sports Med. 2007;35:235–241
  10. Yu B, Lin CF, Garrett WE. Lower extremity biomechanics during the landing of a stop-jump task. Clin Biomech (Bristol, Avon). 2006;21:297–305
  11. McLean SG, Walker KB, van den Bogert AJ. Effect of gender on lower extremity kinematics during rapid direction changes: an integrated analysis of three sports movements. J Sci Med Sport. 2005;8:411–422
  12. Kernozek TW, Torry MR, VAN Hoof H, Cowley H, Tanner S. Gender differences in frontal and sagittal plane biomechanics during drop landings. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2005;37:1003–1012discussion 13
  13. Nagano Y, Ida H, Akai M, Fukubayashi T. Biomechanical characteristics of the knee joint in female athletes during tasks associated with anterior cruciate ligament injury. Knee. 2009;16:153–158
  14. McLean SG, Huang X, van den Bogert AJ. Association between lower extremity posture at contact and peak knee valgus moment during sidestepping: implications for ACL injury. Clin Biomech (Bristol, Avon). 2005;20:863–870
  15. Hewett TE, Lindenfeld TN, Riccobene JV, Noyes FR. The effect of neuromuscular training on the incidence of knee injury in female athletes. A prospective study. Am J Sports Med. 1999;27:699–706
  16. Gilchrist J, Mandelbaum BR, Melancon H, Ryan GW, Silvers HJ, Griffin LY, et al. A randomized controlled trial to prevent noncontact anterior cruciate ligament injury in female collegiate soccer players. Am J Sports Med. 2008;36:1476–1483
  17. Myklebust G, Engebretsen L, Braekken IH, Skjolberg A, Olsen OE, Bahr R. Prevention of anterior cruciate ligament injuries in female team handball players: a prospective intervention study over three seasons. Clin J Sport Med. 2003;13:71–78
  18. Renstrom P, Ljungqvist A, Arendt E, Beynnon B, Fukubayashi T, Garrett W, et al. Non-contact ACL injuries in female athletes: an International Olympic Committee current concepts statement. Br J Sports Med. 2008;42:394–412
  19. Uhorchak JM, Scoville CR, Williams GN, Arciero RA, St Pierre P, Taylor DC. Risk factors associated with noncontact injury of the anterior cruciate ligament: a prospective four-year evaluation of 859 West Point cadets. Am J Sports Med. 2003;31:831–842
  20. Loudon JK, Jenkins W, Loudon KL. The relationship between static posture and ACL injury in female athletes. J Orthop Sports Phys Ther. 1996;24:91–97
  21. Shultz SJ, Kirk SE, Johnson ML, Sander TC, Perrin DH. Relationship between sex hormones and anterior knee laxity across the menstrual cycle. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2004;36:1165–1174
  22. LaPrade RF, Burnett QM. Femoral intercondylar notch stenosis and correlation to anterior cruciate ligament injuries. A prospective study. Am J Sports Med. 1994;22:198–202discussion 03
  23. Rozzi SL, Lephart SM, Gear WS, Fu FH. Knee joint laxity and neuromuscular characteristics of male and female soccer and basketball players. Am J Sports Med. 1999;27:312–319
  24. Tillman MD, Smith KR, Bauer JA, Cauraugh JH, Falsetti AB, Pattishall JL. Differences in three intercondylar notch geometry indices between males and females: a cadaver study. Knee. 2002;9:41–46
  25. Sakane M, Fox RJ, Woo SL, Livesay GA, Li G, Fu FH. In situ forces in the anterior cruciate ligament and its bundles in response to anterior tibial loads. J Orthop Res. 1997;15:285–293
  26. Fukuda Y, Woo SL, Loh JC, Tsuda E, Tang P, McMahon PJ, et al. A quantitative analysis of valgus torque on the ACL: a human cadaveric study. J Orthop Res. 2003;21:1107–1112
  27. Gabriel MT, Wong EK, Woo SL, Yagi M, Debski RE. Distribution of in situ forces in the anterior cruciate ligament in response to rotatory loads. J Orthop Res. 2004;22:85–89
  28. Markolf KL, Burchfield DM, Shapiro MM, Shepard MF, Finerman GA, Slauterbeck JL. Combined knee loading states that generate high anterior cruciate ligament forces. J Orthop Res. 1995;13:930–935
  29. Kanamori A, Woo SL, Ma CB, Zeminski J, Rudy TW, Li G, et al. The forces in the anterior cruciate ligament and knee kinematics during a simulated pivot shift test: a human cadaveric study using robotic technology. Arthroscopy. 2000;16:633–639
  30. Woo SL, Kanamori A, Zeminski J, Yagi M, Papageorgiou C, Fu FH. The effectiveness of reconstruction of the anterior cruciate ligament with hamstrings and patellar tendon. A cadaveric study comparing anterior tibial and rotational loads. J Bone Jt Surg Am. 2002;84-A:907–914
  31. Besier TF, Lloyd DG, Cochrane JL, Ackland TR. External loading of the knee joint during running and cutting maneuvers. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2001;33:1168–1175
  32. McLean SG, Felin RE, Suedekum N, Calabrese G, Passerallo A, Joy S. Impact of fatigue on gender-based high-risk landing strategies. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2007;39:502–514
  33. Woo SL, Orlando CA, Camp JF, Akeson WH. Effects of postmortem storage by freezing on ligament tensile behavior. J Biomech. 1986;19:399–404
  34. Yoshioka Y, Siu D, Cooke TD. The anatomy and functional axes of the femur. J Bone Jt Surg Am. 1987;69:873–880
  35. Yoshioka Y, Siu DW, Scudamore RA, Cooke TD. Tibial anatomy and functional axes. J Orthop Res. 1989;7:132–137
  36. Beynnon BD, Fleming BC. Anterior cruciate ligament strain in-vivo: a review of previous work. J Biomech. 1998;31:519–525
  37. Harfe DT, Chuinard CR, Espinoza LM, Thomas KA, Solomonow M. Elongation patterns of the collateral ligaments of the human knee. Clin Biomech (Bristol, Avon). 1998;13:163–175
  38. Butler DL, Kay MD, Stouffer DC. Comparison of material properties in fascicle-bone units from human patellar tendon and knee ligaments. J Biomech. 1988;19:425–432
  39. Grood ES, Suntay WJ. A joint coordinate system for the clinical description of three-dimensional motions: application to the knee. J Biomech Eng. 1983;105:136–144
  40. Hastie R. Problems for judgment and decision making. Annu Rev Psychol. 2001;52:653–683
  41. Chappell JD, Herman DC, Knight BS, Kirkendall DT, Garrett WE, Yu B. Effect of fatigue on knee kinetics and kinematics in stop-jump tasks. Am J Sports Med. 2005;33:1022–1029
  42. Simonsen EB, Magnusson SP, Bencke J, Naesborg H, Havkrog M, Ebstrup JF, et al. Can the hamstring muscles protect the anterior cruciate ligament during a side-cutting maneuver?. Scand J Med Sci Sports. 2000;10:78–84
  43. McLean SG, Su A, van den Bogert AJ. Development and validation of a 3-D model to predict knee joint loading during dynamic movement. J Biomech Eng. 2003;125:864–874
  44. Lloyd DG, Besier TF. An EMG-driven musculoskeletal model to estimate muscle forces and knee joint moments in vivo. J Biomech. 2003;36:765–776
  45. Delp SL, Loan JP, Hoy MG, Zajac FE, Topp EL, Rosen JM. An interactive graphics-based model of the lower extremity to study orthopaedic surgical procedures. IEEE Trans Biomed Eng. 1990;37:757–767
  46. Pflum MA, Shelburne KB, Torry MR, Decker MJ, Pandy MG. Model prediction of anterior cruciate ligament force during drop-landings. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2004;36:1949–1958
  47. McLean SG, Huang X, Su A, Van Den Bogert AJ. Sagittal plane biomechanics cannot injure the ACL during sidestep cutting. Clin Biomech (Bristol, Avon). 2004;19:828–838
  48. McLean SG, Huang X, van den Bogert AJ. Investigating isolated neuromuscular control contributions to non-contact anterior cruciate ligament injury risk via computer simulation methods. Clin Biomech (Bristol, Avon). 2008;23:926–936
  49. Piziali RL, Seering WP, Nagel DA, Schurman DJ. The function of the primary ligaments of the knee in anterior–posterior and medial–lateral motions. J Biomech. 1980;13:777–784
  50. Seering WP, Piziali RL, Nagel DA, Schurman DJ. The function of the primary ligaments of the knee in varus–valgus and axial rotation. J Biomech. 1980;13:785–794
  51. Woo SL, Hollis JM, Adams DJ, Lyon RM, Takai S. Tensile properties of the human femur–anterior cruciate ligament–tibia complex. The effects of specimen age and orientation. Am J Sports Med. 1991;19:217–225
  52. Yeow CH, Lee PV, Goh JC. Regression relationships of landing height with ground reaction forces, knee flexion angles, angular velocities and joint powers during double-leg landing. Knee. 2009;16:381–386
  53. Shelburne KB, Pandy MG, Torry MR. Comparison of shear forces and ligament loading in the healthy and ACL-deficient knee during gait. J Biomech. 2004;37:313–319
  54. Berns GS, Hull ML, Patterson HA. Strain in the anteromedial bundle of the anterior cruciate ligament under combination loading. J Orthop Res. 1992;10:167–176
  55. Kanamori A, Zeminski J, Rudy TW, Li G, Fu FH, Woo SL. The effect of axial tibial torque on the function of the anterior cruciate ligament: a biomechanical study of a simulated pivot shift test. Arthroscopy. 2002;18:394–398
  56. Arms SW, Pope MH, Johnson RJ, Fischer RA, Arvidsson I, Eriksson E. The biomechanics of anterior cruciate ligament rehabilitation and reconstruction. Am J Sports Med. 1984;12:8–18
  57. Cerulli G, Benoit DL, Lamontagne M, Caraffa A, Liti A. In vivo anterior cruciate ligament strain behaviour during a rapid deceleration movement: case report. Knee Surg Sports Traumatol Arthrosc. 2003;11:307–311
  58. Chappell JD, Yu B, Kirkendall DT, Garrett WE. A comparison of knee kinetics between male and female recreational athletes in stop-jump tasks. Am J Sports Med. 2002;30:261–267
  59. Blankevoort L, Huiskes R. Validation of a three-dimensional model of the knee. J Biomech. 1996;29:955–961
  60. Haraldsson BT, Aagaard P, Krogsgaard M, Alkjaer T, Kjaer M, Magnusson SP. Region-specific mechanical properties of the human patella tendon. J Appl Physiol. 2005;98:1006–1012
  61. Besier TF, Lloyd DG, Ackland TR. Muscle activation strategies at the knee during running and cutting maneuvers. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2003;35:119–127
  62. Sung PS, Lee DC. Gender differences in onset timing and activation of the muscles of the dominant knee during stair climbing. Knee. 2009;16:375–380
  63. Hashemi J, Chandrashekar N, Mansouri H, Slauterbeck JR, Hardy DM. The human anterior cruciate ligament: sex differences in ultrastructure and correlation with biomechanical properties. J Orthop Res. 2008;26:945–950
  64. Chandrashekar N, Mansouri H, Slauterbeck J, Hashemi J. Sex-based differences in the tensile properties of the human anterior cruciate ligament. J Biomech. 2006;39:2943–2950
  65. Chandrashekar N, Slauterbeck J, Hashemi J. Sex-based differences in the anthropometric characteristics of the anterior cruciate ligament and its relation to intercondylar notch geometry: a cadaveric study. Am J Sports Med. 2005;33:1492–1498
  66. Fung DT, Zhang LQ. Modeling of ACL impingement against the intercondylar notch. Clin Biomech (Bristol, Avon). 2003;18:933–941
  67. Faber SC, Eckstein F, Lukasz S, Muhlbauer R, Hohe J, Englmeier KH, et al. Gender differences in knee joint cartilage thickness, volume and articular surface areas: assessment with quantitative three-dimensional MR imaging. Skeletal Radiol. 2001;30:144–150
  68. Nisell R, Ekholm J. Patellar forces during knee extension. Scand J Rehabil Med. 1985;17:63–74
  69. Bach JM, Hull ML, Patterson HA. Direct measurement of strain in the posterolateral bundle of the anterior cruciate ligament. J Biomech. 1997;30:281–283

PII: S0968-0160(09)00075-1

doi: 10.1016/j.knee.2009.04.008

The Knee
Volume 16, Issue 6 , Pages 432-440 , December 2009